The most basic verb that means “to throw” in Russian is бросать/бросить. It conjugates like this:

This verb can be used in three constructions. The thing you throw goes in the accusative case. The thing you throw it into/onto goes in the accusative case after the preposition в or на:

If you throw something to someone, then that person appears in the dative case and no preposition is needed:

If you throw something at someone, then the person who is the target goes in the accusative case after the preposition в:

Other prepositions can also be used with this verb. You can throw something behind something (за + accusative) or under something (под + accusative).

When you want to say that something is ending-finishing, but you don't particulary care who is bringing the process to an end, then the most common verbs are кончаться/кончиться and заканчиваться/закончиться.

The second verb is conjugated at the end of this entry. You usually find both verbs only in third-person forms, only rarely in the first- and second-person forms. They can both be used pretty well equivalently in all tenses:

If you want to express the idea of ending-finishing-stopping something, you can use one of several specific verbs. The most basic verb is кончать/кончить.

Just like начинать/начать, this verb can be complemented by either a noun or an infinitive phrase. In either case the person finishing the process appears in the nominative. When working with nouns, the thing that ends is in the accusative case:

When using an infinitive phrase after this verb, that infinitive MUST be an imperfective infinitive:

Here is where things get odd. It turns out that in colloquial Russian кончать/кончить also means “to have an orgasm, to come.” This occasionally leads students into difficulty. Just imagine some poor American student back in the eighties studying assiduously at Moscow State University. One day he glances up and asks his teacher whether she had finished her comments by saying «Вы кончили?» She takes it the wrong way. All of the sudden her cheeks turn red, and the poor student glances at her in confusion, but then at lunch time he finds her slipping her hand into his, and they spend the rest of the summer taking furtive trips to Leningrad until her ex-boyfriend starts stalking them. Actually the ex-boyfriend turned out to be a decent guy, once I plied him with enough Georgian wine. It turns out that he really wasn't all that much into her and was just stalking her out of principle. He was happy to vanish forever once I slipped him a hundred samolians. But then Lena stopped talking to me and I started following her home and —

Um… well, you get the idea. Anything can happen when you don't know the various meanings of the words you use.

Nowadays Russians use the verb заканчивать/закончить more often than кончать/кончить. It works exactly the same way, is perfectly regular, and does not have that problematic secondary meaning. Thus all those sample sentences above can be rephrased with заканчивать/закончить without any change of meaning. The кончать/кончить versions are perfectly grammatical; it's just that the other verb is slowly supplanting it.

One thing that you CANNOT do is to use either of these verbs in the sense of “The movie ended at 5:00.” For that you must use the reflexive forms of the verb, which we will discuss tomorrow.

Another word that catches the idea of starting a process is браться/взяться. It conjugates like this:

The verb means to start an activity using some kind of tool or object, which shows up in the accusative case after the preposition за:

When you want to say that something is starting, but you don't particulary care who is starting the process, then the most common verb is начинаться/начаться.

You usually find this verb only in third-person forms, only rarely in the first- and second-person forms. Sample sentences: