Кормить/накормить
The verb pair кормить/накормить means to feed or to nourish. It is a shifting stress verb with a perfectly predictable л that appears in the я form:
Imperfective | Perfective | |
Infinitive | кормить | накормить |
Past | кормил кормила кормило кормили |
накормил накормила накормило накормили |
Present | кормлю кормишь кормит кормим кормите кормят |
No such thing as perfective present in Russian. |
Future |
буду кормить будешь кормить будет кормить будем кормить будете кормить будут кормить |
накормлю накормишь накормит накормим накормите накормят |
Imperative | корми(те) | накорми(те) |
First off, you can use this verb to discuss feeding farm animals:
Я кормлю скот два раза в день. | I feed the cattle twice a day |
Накорми кур и потом принеси воду из реки. | Feed the chickens and then bring water from the river. |
— Я целое лето кормил и скот и кур и свиней. — Ой, какая скука! — Да нет, я просто люблю животных. Такая работа мне в радость. |
“All summer long I feed the cows and the chickens and the pigs.” “Oh, that is so boring!” “Oh, no, I just love animals. That kind of work is just a joy for me.” |
You can also use it for feeding people:
Местные жители кормили новых поселенцев всю зиму. | The local inhabitants fed the newcomers all winter. |
Родить детей — это большая ответственность. Их ведь надо кормить и одевать, а деньги на улице не валяются. | Having children is a great responsibility. After all, you have to feed and clothe them, and money doesn't grow on trees. |
— Анна ещё кормит ребёнка грудью. Говорит, что это очень полезно для здоровья ребёнка. — В этом, конечно, она совершенно права. |
“Anna is still breast-feeding her child. She says that it is really good for the child's health.” “She's absolutely right about that, of course.” |
Он вообще хороший отец. Он сам кормит ребёнка с ложки и даже готовит чаще, чем жена. | He's a pretty good dad. He feeds the child with a spoon and even cooks more than his wife. |
In the US in the past there have been various food scandals, including that ridiculous time under Reagan when ketchup was defined as a vegetable for school lunch purposes. Russia, alas, is also not without its school food scandals. Right now there is company called Конкорд in Russia that has roused the ire of Moscow's parents by providing miserly food portions for public schools. They are even accused of providing the kids with fewer calories than prisoners used to get in the gulags. If you'd like to see some pictures of the food and look over a blog that deals with the issue, just click here.
Грипп
The word for flu in Russian is грипп. It is a perfectly regularly first declension noun:
Sg | Pl | |
Nom | грипп | гриппы |
Acc | ||
Gen | гриппа | гриппов |
Pre | гриппе | гриппах |
Dat | гриппу | гриппам |
Ins | гриппом | гриппами |
The flu is a pretty miserable experience, so let's document how to talk about our misery.
У меня грипп. | I have the flu. |
Мне нужно лекарство от гриппа. | I need flu medicine. |
— Я всегда лечу грипп водкой. — А это помогает? — Не знаю, но по крайней мере я чувствую себя лучше. |
“I always treat the flu with vodka.” “And does that help?” “I don't know, but at least I feel better.” |
По Москве ходит ужасный грипп. | There is a terrible strain of flu going around Moscow.* |
* For some dialects of English you could translate this as “There is a terrible flu going around Moscow.” In my dialect of American English it is ungrammatical to use the indefinite article with the word flu.
Учить/выучить
Russian has several verbs that can be translated as ‘study.’ Today let's start by looking at учить/выучить:
Imperfective | Perfective | |
Infinitive | учить | выучить |
Past | учил учила учило учили |
выучил выучила выучило выучили |
Present | учу учишь учит учим учите учат |
No such thing as perfective present in Russian. |
Future |
буду учить будешь учить будет учить будем учить будете учить будут учить |
выучу выучишь выучит выучим выучите выучат |
Imperative | учи(те) | выучи(те) |
You can use this verb to discuss what subjects you studied in grade school or high school. In this sense you usually use it in the imperfective.
В школе я учил немецкий язык. Господи, какой он сложный! | In school I studied German. Lord, it is so complicated! |
— Ты в школе учила физику? — Конечно, учила. |
“Did you study physics in school?” “Of course, I did.” |
If you are studying/memorizing a set of facts, then you can use both the imperfective and perfective:
— Что ты делаешь? — Я учу испанские слова. |
“What are you doing?” “I'm learning/memorizing my Spanish vocabulary.” |
Я вчера выучил список столиц республик бывшего Советского Союза. | Yesterday I memorized a list of the capitals of the republics of the former Soviet Union. |
Я сегодня должна выучить наизусть квадратное уравнение. | Today I have to learn the quadratic equation by heart. |
— Я вчера выучил перечень семнадцати ядов, которые нельзя обнаружить в человеческом организме. — Что за глупость, не бывает необнаруживаемого яда. — Правда? Чёрт побери, надо изменить свои планы. |
“Yesterday I memorized a list of seventeen poisons that can't be detected in the human body.” “That's ridiculous. There is no such thing as an undetectable poison.” “Really? Damn, I'll have to change my plans.” |
Шесть
The most common Russian word for six is шесть, which declines like this:
Nom | шесть |
Acc | |
Gen | шести |
Pre | |
Dat | |
Ins | шестью |
When шесть occurs in oblique cases (oblique means a case other than nominative or accusative), it works pretty well like we would expect from a theoretical point of view; that is, it declines as we would expect and the noun it quantifies shows up in the same case in the plural:
Gen | Мы в центре гуляли около шести часов. | We walked around downtown for about six hours. |
Pre | Мы поговорили о шести новых книгах. | We talked about six new books. |
Dat | Я звонил шести новым студентам. | I phoned six new students. |
Ins | Над шестью американскими беглецами кружился вертолёт. | A helicopter circled over the six American fugitives. |
Now here's the weird part... If шесть is part of a nominative case number phrase or an accusative case number phrase, then the noun it quantifies shows up in the genitive plural:
На сцене пели шесть красивых украинок. | Six beautiful Ukrainian women were singing on the stage. |
Я купил шесть немецких машин. | I bought six German cars. |
That may seem quite complex. Just be glad your not studying Polish: its number system is even more freakish... and fascinating.
Новый
The Russian word for new is новый. It's a perfectly regular adjective in its long forms, and it declines like this:
Masc | Neut | Fem | Pl | |
Nom | новый | новое | новая | новые |
Acc | * | новую | * | |
Gen | нового | новой | новых | |
Pre | новом | |||
Dat | новому | новым | ||
Ins | новым | новыми |
Hm... what kind of sample sentences should we come up with. Ah, of course. No one is more obsessed with newness than the people who love new cars. Let's work with that:
— Это новая машина? — Да, новая. |
“Is that a new car?” “Yes, it's new.” |
— Он каждый год покупает новую машину. Какой он эгоист! — По-моему, ты просто завидуешь. |
“He buys a new car every year. What an egotist!” “I think you're just jealous.” |
— Я лучше чувствую себя, когда катаюсь на новой машине. — Это потому, что у тебя комплекс неполноценности. |
“I feel better when I'm riding around in a new car.” “That's because you have an inferiority complex.” |
— Где мои новые машины? — У тебя больше одной??? |
“Where are my new cars?” “You have more than one?” |
Здесь ничего нового нет. | There isn't anything new here. |
Here are the short forms and the comparative:
Short forms | Comparative | |
Masc | нов | новее |
Fem | нова | |
Neut | ново | |
Pl | новы |
And here are a couple ways you can use them:
Всё здесь так ново! | Everything is so new here! |
Моя машина новее твоей! | My car is newer than yours! |
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