Categories: "Motion"
Летать
The most generic verb for travelling by air in Russian is летать “to fly.” It is a perfectly regular imperfective verb and conjugates exactly like читать:
Imperfective | |
Infinitive | летать |
Past | летал летала летало летали |
Present | летаю летаешь летает летаем летаете летают |
Future |
буду летать будешь летать будет летать будем летать будете летать будут летать |
Imperative | летай(те) |
This is an indeterminate (multidirectional) verb of motion, which means it has several uses. First of all, in the past tense it can mean a completed trip to and from a place:
В августе мама летала в Москву. | In August Mom flew to Moscow. |
By using a unidirectional verb in that context, Russian clearly states that Mom is no longer in Moscow. She went there and then departed. Another example:
— Что ты вчера делал? — Я летал в Мосвку. — Ты туда и обратно слетал за один день? Какая у тебя сумасшедшая жизнь! |
“What did you do yesterday?” “I flew to Moscow.” “You flew there and back in a single day? What a crazy life you lead!” |
The verb can also be used of flying generically or of the ability to fly:
Змеи ползают, люди ходят, а птицы летают. Я хочу быть птицей! | Snakes crawl, people walk, and birds fly. I want to be a bird! |
— Как я люблю летать! — А я нет. Вдруг в мотор влетит гусь? Тогда ты пропал! |
“I really love to fly!” “I don't. What if a goose flies into the engine? Then you are done for!” |
Побежать
Побежать is the perfective form of the verb бегать “to run.” It incorporates one of the four most irregular verb stems in the Russian language:
to run | |
Perfective | |
Infinitive | побежать |
Past | побежал побежала побежало побежали |
Present | No such thing as perfective present in Russian. |
Future | побегу побежишь побежит побежим побежите побегут |
Imperative | побеги(те) |
Побежать literally means “to run”:
Ваня побежал по дороге. | Ivan ran down the road. |
Although the verb does mean “to run,” it's actually used in conversation more often to mean “to take a quick trip” or “to be moving quickly” instead of literally running. The same is true for the English verb “to run” as well, of course.
— Где мама? — Она побежала в магазин. |
“Where is Mom?” “She ran to the store.” |
On the colloquial level the verb can almost mean the equivalent of the English “I'm out of here/I'm gone”:
— Серёжа, не уходи. Останься, пока не напишем доклад. — Нет, я побежал. Моя девушка ждёт меня. |
“Sergei, don't leave. Stay until we finish writing the report.” “No, I'm out of here. My girlfriend is waiting for me.” |
Я не могу здесь остаться. Я побежал. | I can't stay here any more. I'm gone. |
Бежать
Бежать is the determinate (unidirectional) form of the verb бегать “to run.” It is one of the four most irregular verb stems in the Russian language:
to run | |
Imperfective | |
Infinitive | бежать |
Past | бежал бежала бежало бежали |
Present | бегу бежишь бежит бежим бежите бегут |
Future |
буду бежать будешь бежать будет бежать будем бежать будете бежать будут бежать |
Imperative | беги(те) |
Бежать is more specialized than бегать in that it usually talks about motion in progress at a particular time:
— Сынок, почему ты бежишь? — Борька сказал, что изобьёт меня! — Подойди к папе. Я тебя защищу. |
“Son, why are you running away?” “Boris said he was going to beat me up.” “Come to Daddy. I'll protect you.” |
Когда я увидел Таню, она бежала через двор. | When I spotted Tanya, she was running across the courtyard. |
Although the verb does mean “to run,” it's actually used in conversation more often to mean “to take a quick trip” or “to be moving quickly” instead of literally running. The same is true for the English verb “to run” as well, of course.
— Где мама? — Она бежит в магазин. |
“Where is Mom?” “She is taking a quick trip to the store.” |
Как быстро бежит время! | How quickly time flies! |
The verb is also used in the sense of “to precede prematurely”:
Русская зима бежит впереди прогноза. | The Russian winter is running ahead of forecast. |
Паника бежит впереди фактов. (source) | Panic is setting in before the facts. |
And of course the verb is also used in the sense of “to flee”. Although in English the thing you flee from can be a direct object (“We fled Cuba in 1965”) or the object of the preposition ‘from’ (“We fled from Cuba in 1965”), in Russian the thing you flee from cannot be a direct object; it must be the object of the prepositions из/с/от followed by the genitive case:
Население бежит с Дальнего Востока. (source) | The population is fleeing from the Far East. |
Капитал бежит из доллара в золото. (source) | Investors are abandoning dollars for gold. (Lit., Capital is running from the dollar to gold. |
Жена Лужкова бежит с рынка недвижимости Москвы. (source) | Luzhkov's wife is abandoning Moscow's real estate market. |
Олигарх мобильной телефонии бежит из России. (source) | Mobile phone oligarch flees Russia. (newspaper headline) |
Бегать
Бегать is the most generic word in Russian that means “to run.”
to run | |
Imperfective | |
Infinitive | бегать |
Past | бегал бегала бегало бегали |
Present | бегаю бегаешь бегает бегаем бегаете бегают |
Future |
буду бегать будешь бегать будет бегать будем бегать будете бегать будут бегать |
Imperative | бегай(те) |
Running… nowadays in the lazy West we often run in order to lose weight. That actually makes sense:
Бегай каждый день, не ешь хлебных изделий, и обязательно похудеешь. | Go running every day. Don't eat bread or pastry, and you'll lose weight for sure. |
В 1996-ом я каждое утро бегал, и я отлично чувствовал себя. | In 1996 I ran every morning, and I felt great. |
Если ты будешь каждое утро бегать, я с удовольствием буду бегать с тобою. | If you are going to run every morning, I'll be happy to join you. |
It's not usual for a person to regularly run from one place to another, but in such atypical circumstances it is possible to conceive of someone doing such a thing:
Так как Федя готовился к Олимпиаде, он каждый день бегал на работу. | Since Fyodor was getting ready for the Olympics, everyday he ran to work [and back]. |
The verb is also used to describe the motion of someone running around a place with no set goal or direction, e.g. walking around a neighborhood for pleasure:
Каждый день я бегаю по району не потому, что так рекомендуют врачи, а потому, что таким образом мне становится лучше на душе. | I go running around the neighborhood every morning not because doctors tell us to, but because I feel better that way. |
Last but not least, the verb is used to indicate a single round-trip in the past. It's not typical in this usage, but still grammatically possible:
Папа бегал в аптеку. | Dad ran to the pharmacy (and then came back). |
Поехать
Поехать is the most generic perfective verb that means “to go by vehicle.” Note especially its irregular future and imperative forms.
to go | |
Imperfective | |
Infinitive | поехать |
Past | поехал поехала поехало поехали |
Present | No such thing as perfective present in Russian. |
Future | поеду поедешь поедет поедем поедете поедут |
Imperative | поезжай(те) |
Поехать is more specialized than ездить in that it always talks about motion in one particular direction; since it is perfective it also focuses on some result of the action:
Я поехал на Красную площадь и посмотрел на забальзамированное тело Ленина. | I went to Red Square and viewed Lenin's embalmed body. |
In that sentence, the result is that I arrived at the square and thus could view the body.
Поехать can also be used to describe each leg of a multileg journey:
Я поехал в Подольск, потом я поехал в Климовск, и потом я поехал в Чехов. | I went to Podolsk, then I went to Klimovsk, and then I went to Chekhov. ¹ |
Of course you can do the same thing in the future tense:
Я поеду в Подольск, потом я поеду в Климовск, и потом я поеду в Чехов. | I'll go to Podolsk, then I'll go to Klimovsk, and then I'll go to Chekhov. |
Now here's something amusing... let's think about this English dialog:
“Where's Mom?” “She went to the farmers market.” |
Does the second sentence imply that Mom got to the farmers market? No, it doesn't. Here it emphasizes absence from the point of departure while mentioning her intended destination. Likewise in Russian a perfective verb of motion can be used with meaning of “absence from point of departure”:
— Где мама? — Она поехала на рынок. |
The sentence does not say where Mom has necessarily reached the market, just that she is no longer here.
¹ All three of those places are suburbs of Moscow that you can reach on the электричка on the way to Tula.