Categories: "Declension"

Этот

by Don  

The Russian word этот is a demonstrative adjective that can be translated as this/that/these/those, depending on the context. (For a discussion of the this/that distinction, see the entry on тот.) It declines like this:

Masc Neut Fem Pl
Nom этот это эта эти
Acc * эту *
Gen этого этой этих
Pre этом
Dat этому этим
Ins этим этими

For first- and second-year Russian students, I call this word ‘changing это’ because it changes it's ending for case, number and gender. Beginners often confuse it with ‘unchanging это’; for discussion of the distinction, see this blog entry.

— Что ты читаешь?
— Анну Каренину.
— Ох, как я люблю эту книгу!
“What are you reading?”
“Anna Karenina.”
“Oh, I love that book so much!”
— Кто живёт в этом доме?
— Откуда мне знать?
“Who lives in that house?”
“How should I know?”
Эти упражнения очень трудные. These exercises are really difficult.
Ты давно работаешь с этими людьми? Have you been working with these people for a long time?

Они

by Don  

Они is a pronoun that replaces grammatically plural nouns. It declines like this:

Pl
Nomони
Acc(н)их
Gen
Pre
Dat(н)им
Ins(н)ими

The primary meaning of они is they/them in its various forms. In such contexts you get sentences like:

Они приезжали ко мне в воскресенье. They came to my place on Sunday.
Я с ними познакомился в средней школе. I met them in high school.
Откуда ты их знаешь? How do you know them?
Как часто ты ходишь к ним? How often do you go to their place?

But the interesting part of this word is when it refers to plurale tantum nouns. Such nouns are ones that grammatically occur in the plural only, never in the singular. Sometimes a noun is plurale tantum in both Russian and English, like брюки pants. If они is referring to such a word, then its forms are simply translated as they/them:

— Где мои брюки? Я их не вижу.
— Они на кухне.
“Where are my pants? I don't see them.”
“They're in the kitchen.”

Sometimes a noun is plurale tantum in Russian, but singulare tantum (singular only) in English, such as деньги money. When они refers to such a word, then its forms are simply translated as it:

— Где мои деньги? Я их не вижу.
— Они на столе.
“Where is my money? I don't see it.”
“It's on the table.”

Мы (часть первая)

by Don  

The word мы means we. It declines like this:

Pl
Nomмы
Accнас
Gen
Pre
Datнам
Insнами

I often encounter the word in sentences like this:

Мы купили пять aбиссинских кошек. We bought five Abysinnian cats.
Нас выбросили за борт. They threw us overboard.
Через неделю к нам приедут гости. We have guests coming in a week.
Вы можете связаться с нами по этому телефону. You can make contact with us at this number.
Мы взломали сейф и взяли бриллианты. We broke into the safe and took the diamonds.

Столовая

by Don  

In Russian you can often take a noun stem, say one like стол-, which means table, and add a suffix (often -ск-, -ов-, -н-, or -ин-), and then add adjectival flexions to form an adjective. In this case one adjective from стол is столовый. The phrase столовая комната, literally “table room” is a room where there are tables, in other words, it is the dining room. Nowadays in Russian they just use the adjective part of the phrase, skipping the noun entirely, so the word for “dining room” now declines like this:

SgPl
Nomстоловаястоловые
Accстоловую
Genстоловойстоловых
Pre
Datстоловым
Insстоловыми

Since it is nearly always used as a noun itself, and since its endings match normal adjectival endings, we call this a deadjectival noun.

В столовой стоит стол и шесть стульев. There is a table and six chairs in the dining room.
Иди в столовую и сервируй стол. Go into the dining room and set the table.
Мама выгнала собаку из столовой. Mom chased the dog out of the dining room.

There is another meaning of столовая, which is “cafeteria,” that is a big public dining room. Most Russian homes don't have a separate dining room, so the cafeteria meaning is the one most commonly encountered inside Russia.

В университетской столовой каждый день обедают свыше тысячи человек. Every day more than a thousand people eat at the university's cafeteria.
Наша компания доставляет свежие булочки в городские столовые. Our company delivers fresh rolls to city cafeterias.

Она (часть первая)

by Don  

The word она is a personal pronoun that declines like this:

Sg
Nomона
Acc(н)её
Gen(н)её
Preней
Dat(н)ей
Ins(н)ей

The «н» versions of the pronoun occur when the pronoun is the object of a preposition.

Она refers to feminine singular nouns, which can be either people or things, so sometimes it is translated as she/her, and sometimes it is translated as it. In other words, if you are refering to an учительница "school teacher," then the sentence must be translated with she/her, and if you are refering to a машина car, the same sentence must be translated with it:

Где она? Where is she/it?
Я вижу её. I see her/it.
Дети танцевали вокруг неё. The children were dancing around her/it.
Мы поговорили о ней. We had a chat about her/it.
Я подошёл к ней. I walked up to her/it.
Перед ней стоял иностранец. A foreigner stood in front of her/it.

In casual conversation it's common in America to say things like “Me and Sally went to the store,” especially when we are children. Schoolteachers then try to beat us out of that habit and make us say “She and I went to the store.” Because of that influence, English speakers may be tempted to say things like «Она и я ездили в магазин» in Russian. While theoretically one can say that in Russian, no one ever does. Instead it gets rephrased as “we with her” «мы с ней». Of course, it would be ridiculous to translate that as “we with her” in English; you still want “she and I” or just plain old ‘we.’

Мы с ней ходили в кино. She and I went to the movies.
Мы с ней поспорили с вышибалой, и нас выгнали из клуба. She and I argued with the bouncer, and they threw us out of the club.

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