Categories: "Grammar"
Который, часть первая
The word can be translated as who, whom, whose, that or which, depending on the context. Grammatically we call it a relative pronoun. In first- and second-year Russian the use of который seems quite complex, but after a year or two of practice, you look book and think, “Why did I ever think that it was difficult?” Because the use of the word is complex for beginning students of Russian, we will break up the discussion of the word over several days. Here are its endings.
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Plural | |
Nom | который | которое | которая | которые |
Acc | * | которое | которую | * |
Gen | которого | которого | которой | которых |
Pre | котором | котором | которой | которых |
Dat | которому | которому | которой | которым |
Ins | которым | которым | которой | которыми |
* copies nom. if inan.; copies gen. if anim. |
The rule for using который is this:
- Который takes its number, gender and animacy from the noun it refers to in the main clause; and
- Который takes its case according to the grammatical rule it plays in its own clause.
Let's take a look at a sentence that means, “I know a woman who lives in Tula.”
Notice that который takes its gender and number from the word it refers to in the other clause, but that it has a different case from девушку. That's because который always takes its case from the grammatical role (in this case, the subject) that it fills in its own clause. Let's take a look at a few more sample sentences.
Я знаю парня, который покупает новую машину каждый год. | I know a guy who buys a new car every year. |
Мы поговорили о девушке, которая была здесь вчера вечером. | We chatted about the girl who was here yesterday evening. |
Чьи это деньги, которые лежат на подоконнике? | Whose money is that which is lying on the windowsill? |
Кто выпил вино, которое было в холодильнике? | Who drank the wine that was in the refrigerator? |
Минералка, часть первая
One of the things that surprises Americans going to Russia is the Russians fondness for mineral water. In conversational Russian it can be called минера́лка, although of course the proper word for it is минера́льная вода. Минералка declines like this.
Sg | Pl | |
Nom | минера́лка | минера́лки |
Acc | минера́лку | минера́лки |
Gen | минера́лки | минера́лок |
Pre | минера́лке | минера́лках |
Dat | минера́лке | минера́лкам |
Ins | минера́лкой | минера́лками |
Dozens of types of mineral water have been sold in Russia since Soviet times, and among the most recognized names are Боржоми, Нарзан, Миргородская, Новотерская and Ессентуки. There are dozens more. Even big western firms are in the mineral water business in Russia. The Coca-Cola Company puts out БонАква, and PepsiCo puts out Аква Минерале. (See this link for a discussion of the Russian mineral water market.)
In short, you can find mineral water on every street corner in Russia, so you may hear things like this:
— Какую минералку ты xочешь? — Боржо́ми. |
“What kind of mineral water do you want?” “Borzhomi.” |
— Мама, так как мы в ресторане, можно мне водку? — Тебе только шесть лет. Tы будешь пить минералку. |
“Mom, since we are in a restaurant, can I have vodka?” “You are only six years old. You are going to drink mineral water.” |
— Я забегу в магазин. Что-нибудь хочешь? — Да, принеси мне две бутылки минералки. |
“I’m running to the store. Do you want anything?” “Yes, bring me two bottles of mineral water.” |
— Я не люблю тратить деньги на минералку, когда можно пить воду из-под крана почти бесплатно. — Да что ты! Нельзя пить воду из-под крана. Вредно. |
“I don’t like to waste money on mineral water when I can drink tap-water practically for free.” “You’ve got to be kidding! You can’t drink tap-water. It’s bad for your health.” |
Достопримечательности
Sometimes when you study a foreign language, especially one as difficult as Russian, you just want to show off your new-found skills and knowledge, and for Russian one of the great words you can use for that purpose is достопримеча́тельности. It means ‘sights.’ That's right, sights. In English it’s one syllable. In Russian it’s eight syllables. Here is how it is pronounced:
When you are trying to learn to pronounce a polysyllabic monstrosity like that, there is a little trick that will help you get it right. If you would like to learn the trick, play this bit of audio:
In terms of declension достопримечательность is a standard third declension noun:
Sg | Pl | |
Nom | достопримеча́тельность | достопримеча́тельности |
Acc | ||
Gen | достопримеча́тельности | достопримеча́тельностей |
Pre | достопримеча́тельностях | |
Dat | достопримеча́тельностям | |
Ins | достопримеча́тельностью | достопримеча́тельностями |
Although we usually translate it as ‘sights,’ you could also translate it as ‘attractions’ or ‘places of interest.’
Какие есть достопримечательности в Казани? | What interestings sights are there in Kazan? |
Самая интересная достопримечательность — мечеть Кул-Шариф. | The most interesting sight is the Qol Sharif mosque. |
В Норильске вообще нет достопримечательностей. | Norilsk doesn't have any interesting sights. |
— Какая самая интересная достопримечательность в Ванкувере? — Около университета есть нудистский пляж. — Разве это интересно? — Да, там есть на что посмотреть. |
“What’s the most interesting sight in Vancouver?” “There’s a nude beach near the university.” “You really think that’s interesting?” “Yeah, there’s stuff worth looking at there.” |
Сейчас
Russian distinguishes two words for ‘now,’ one of which means ‘nowadays,’ and the other means ‘at this moment.’ The one that means ‘now, at this moment’ is сейчас. Beginning Russian students in the US often have а disgustingly limited knowledge of grammar, so for them I have this piece of advice: if your instructor asks you to what part of speech a particular word belongs and if you have absolutely no idea, then guess ‘adverb.’ Consider this dialog:
Glorious instructor: | “What part of speech is сейчас?” |
Vapid student: | “It's an adverb.” |
Glorious instructor: | “Correct!” |
You see? By taking RWOTD's sage advice the vapid student now has curried the instructor's favor and will doubtless eventually enter grad school.
Here are a few example sentences:
Мама сейчас на работе. | Mom is at work now. |
— Хочешь пойти со мной в кино? — Извини, но я сейчас занята. |
“Do you want to go to the movies with me?” “Sorry, but I'm busy now.” |
— Почему ты сейчас здесь? — Потому что не хочу идти домой. |
“Why are you here now?” “Because I don't want to go home.” |
Interestingly enough, сейчас can also mean “right away”:
— Ваня, где ты? Приди домой поскорей, а то тебя накажут. — Я сейчас буду! |
“Vanya, where are you? Come home right away or you'll be in trouble.” “I will be right there!” |
Я сейчас приготовлю ужин, а потом мы пойдём в кино. | I'll make dinner right away, then we will go to the movie. |
Вести
The verb вести means to guide someone somewhere. It's a unidirectional verb that conjugates like this:
Imperfective | |
Infinitive | вести |
Past | вёл вела вело вели |
Present | веду ведёшь ведёт ведём ведёте ведут |
Future |
буду вести будешь вести будет вести будем вести будете вести будут вести |
Imperative | веди(те) |
Unidirectional verbs have multiple interpretations. The first one is applicable when you spot someone going somewhere with someone else.
— Куда ты идёшь? — Я веду дочку в школу. |
“Where are you going?” “I'm taking my daughter to school.” |
Unidirectional verbs in the present tense also have the meaning of ‘intent in the immediate future’:
— Какие у Ивана планы на вечер? — Он ведёт гостей из Астрахани на дискотеку. |
“What are Ivan's plans for the evenging?” “He's taking his guests from Astrakhan to a club.” |
In the past tense they focus on action in progress at a particular point of time:
— Куда ты шла, когда я тебя увидел возле почты? — Я вела бабушку к врачу. |
“What were you doing yesterday when I saw you near the post office?” “I was taking my grandmother to the doctor.” |